King Henry VIII Essays - British People, English People,

King Henry VIII Henry VIII (born 1491, ruled 1509-1547). The second son of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York was one of England's strongest and least popular monarchs. He was born at Greenwich on June 28, 1491. The first English ruler to be educated under the influence of the Renaissance, he was a gifted scholar, linguist, composer, and musician. As a youth he was gay and handsome, skilled in all manner of athletic games, but in later life he became coarse and fat. When his elder brother, Arthur, died (1502), he became heir apparent. He succeeded his father on the throne in 1509, and soon thereafter he married Arthur's young widow, Catherine of Aragon. During the first 20 years of his reign he left the shaping of policies largely in the hands of his great counselor, Cardinal Wolsey (See Wolsey, Cardinal). By 1527 Henry had made up his mind to get rid of his wife. The only one of Catherine's six children who survived infancy was a sickly girl, the Princess Mary, and it was doubtful whether a woman could succeed to the English throne. Then too, Henry had fallen in love with a lady of the court, Anne Boleyn. When the pope (Clement VII) would not annul his marriage, Henry turned against Wolsey, deprived him of his office of chancellor, and had him arrested on a charge of treason. He then obtained a divorce through Thomas Cranmer, whom he had made archbishop of Canterbury, and it was soon announced that he had married Anne Boleyn. The pope was thus defied. All ties that bound the English church to Rome were broken. Appeals to the pope's court were forbidden, all payments to Rome were stopped, and the pope's authority in England was abolished. In 1534 the Act of Supremacy declared Henry himself to be Supreme Head of the Church of England, and anyone who denied this title was guilty of an act of treason. Some changes were also made in the church services, the Bible was translated into English, and printed copies were placed in the churches. The monasteries throughout England were dissolved and their vast lands and goods turned over to the king, who in turn granted those estates to noblemen who would support his policies. In the northern part of the kingdom the people rose in rebellion in behalf of the monks, but the Pilgrimage of Grace, as it was called, was put down. Although Henry reformed the government of the church, he refused to allow any changes to be made in its doctrines. Before his divorce he had opposed the teachings of Martin Luther in a book that had gained for him from the pope the title Defender of the Faith--a title the monarch of England still bears. After the separation from Rome he persecuted with equal severity the Catholics who adhered to the government of Rome and the Protestants who rejected its doctrines. Henry was married six times. Anne Boleyn bore the king one child, who became Elizabeth I. Henry soon tired of Anne and had her put to death. A few days later he married a third wife, Jane Seymour. She died in a little more than a year, after having given birth to the future Edward VI. A marriage was then contracted with a German princess, Anne of Cleves, whom the king had been led to believe to be very beautiful. When he saw her he discovered that he had been tricked, and he promptly divorced this wife and beheaded Thomas Cromwell, the minister who had arranged the marriage. Henry's fifth wife, Catherine Howard, was sent to the block for misconduct. In 1543 he married his sixth wife, the tactful and pious Catherine Parr. Catherine, who survived Henry, lived to marry her fourth husband. During Henry's reign the union of England and Wales was completed (1536). Ireland was made a kingdom (1541), and Henry became king of Ireland. His wars with Scotland and France remained indecisive in spite of some shallow victories. Although he himself opposed the Reformation, his creation of a national church marked the real beginning of the English Reformation. He died on Jan. 28, 1547, and was buried in St. George's Chapel in Windsor Castle. f

Review of Literature on 1972 Munich Olympic Terrorim essays

Review of Literature on 1972 Munich Olympic Terrorim essays Review of Literature: 1972 Munich Olympic Terrorist Attack On the morning of 5 September 1972 eight members of the Palestinian group Black September broke into two apartment buildings in the Munich Olympic village that housed the Israeli Olympic team. In the process of Black Septembers storming of the apartment two Israeli athletes were killed and nine more were taken hostage. The German government attempted to negotiate with the terrorists, after several hours of failed negotiations the terrorists and their hostages were loaded on to helicopters and transported to Furstenfeldbruck, a nearby German airport. At the airport the Germans attempted to rescue the Israeli hostages but were unsuccessful. After the failed rescue effort all nine hostage were dead, and Germany was left to answer the questions from the stunned world. The story seems simple enough it has all the making of a good Hollywood drama, good vs. evil, a hero to rout for, and tragedy. However after reading literature on the topic I have come to the conclusion that there is noth ing simple about this story. Every author has his or her own point of view about what really happened, and for every articles depiction of events there are three more that contradict that point of view. What is left in the works I have read are authors who either give an overview of the event, or articles that are slanted to one point of view or the other, i.e. pro-Israeli or pro-Palestinian. The attack on the Israeli athletes in Munich was so horrible that it may be easier to just report the facts. Facts are exactly what are given in the Wikipedia, free online encyclopedia, article Munich Massacre. This article is a nice overview of the chronology of the Black September terrorist attack. However the article leaves readers with several questions about the details of the event. For instance when describing how two Israeli hostages were initially killed the article gives little ...